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One of the most critical areas of study in veterinary science is the impact of chronic stress on the immune system. When an animal lives in a state of constant fear or anxiety—whether due to poor housing, lack of enrichment, or social conflict—their body is flooded with cortisol.

Animal behavior is not a subspecialty separate from “real” veterinary medicine—it is the lens through which all aspects of health and disease should be viewed. From the earliest warning signs of pain or neurological dysfunction to the complex management of compulsive disorders and aggression, behavior informs every veterinary interaction. Free Download Zooskool 08 Knotty And Simone