Arylation Methods From The Academic Lab To Industrial Processes [portable] — Catalytic
MacMillan group (Princeton): Ir(III) photocatalyst + Ni(II) cross-coupling catalyst under blue LED.
Artificial metalloenzymes (e.g., Pd embedded in a protein scaffold) can perform Suzuki couplings in water at 37 °C with ppm metal. Not yet robust, but a single proof-of-concept at Genentech suggests future biocatalytic arylation.
: Reactions like the Suzuki-Miyaura , Heck-Mizoroki , and Buchwald-Hartwig amination have become gold standards for forming
Now relegated to specific niches: synthesis of cinnamates, styrenes, and heterocycles.