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دور التدخل الحكومي من خلال السياسة المالية (الضرائب والإنفاق) والسياسة النقدية (عرض النقود وأسعار الفائدة) في تحفيز النمو.

Michael Edgmand’s Macroeconomics is widely regarded as one of the most comprehensive introductions to the study of aggregate economies. Translated into multiple languages, including Arabic, the text serves as a bridge between theoretical mathematical models and real-world fiscal applications. Its enduring popularity in university curricula stems from its ability to demystify complex global systems into understandable components. 1. Core Objectives and Framework thmyl ktab alaqtsad alkly maykl abdjman pdf