Quasi-experimentation A Guide To Design And Analysis Pdf Jun 2026

| Threat to Validity | Classic Solution (Cook & Campbell) | Modern Solution (2020s) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Omitted variable bias | Pretest, multiple replications | with two-way fixed effects | | Selection on unobservables | Nonequivalent dependent variable | Instrumental Variables (IV) (natural experiments) | | Untestable parallel trends | Visual inspection of time series | Synthetic Control Method (for case studies) | | Model dependence | ANCOVA assumptions | Matching (Propensity Score, Coarsened Exact Matching) | | Unobserved confounding | Sensitivity analysis | Causal Random Forest & Double ML |