have become essential to encrypting the media and signaling, preventing eavesdropping. 5. The Evolution: WebRTC and Beyond We are moving beyond standalone desk phones toward WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication)

(Coder-Decoders) to balance audio clarity with bandwidth consumption. G.711 (PCM):

Think of these as specialized firewalls for voice. They handle "topology hiding" (security), protocol interworking (connecting different types of systems), and NAT traversal (making sure voice can get through a standard router).

This technique collects incoming packets and releases them at a steady pace to smooth out variations in arrival time caused by network congestion. 4. Advanced Challenges: NAT and Security One of the biggest hurdles in voice networking is NAT (Network Address Translation)

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