Ap Biology Formula Sheet -

| Do This | Avoid This | | :--- | :--- | | Practice plugging numbers into each formula before exam day. | Seeing the formula for the first time during the test. | | Label every variable in your calculation (e.g., "$O$ = 45 offspring"). | Writing only numbers without units or labels. | | Use the chi-square formula to test if data fits a 3:1 or 9:3:3:1 ratio. | Confusing standard deviation with standard error (not on the sheet). | | Remember that $p+q=1$ applies to alleles in a gene pool. | Applying Hardy-Weinberg to non-random mating populations. |

If a flaccid cell with Ψₛ = –0.6 MPa is placed in a beaker of pure water (Ψ = 0), water will move into the cell until Ψₛ rises (becomes less negative) and Ψₚ becomes positive. ap biology formula sheet

This measures the biodiversity of a community. A value closer to 1 indicates high diversity, while a value closer to 0 indicates a monoculture or low diversity. Tips for Using the Formula Sheet on Exam Day | Do This | Avoid This | |